Biology
9th
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INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY
Q.1;
Name and define the main divisions of Biology.
Ans:
Division of Biology: There are three major divisions of biology:
(i)
Zoology: The word Zoology is derived from Greek language, "Zoon” meaning animals
and “Logos” meaning “study of knowledge”. It deals with the study of animals.
(ii)
Botany: The word Botany is taken from Greek language, “Butane” meaning plants and
“Logos” meaning "study or knowledge". It deals with the study of
plants.
(iii)
Microbiology: It deals with the study of microscopic organisms such as bacteria
etc. which can be seen only with the help of microscope.
Q,.2:
Name and define the branches of Biology?
Ans:
Branches of Biology: Modern biology deals with the structure, function and many
other descriptions of living things. Advance research during the 20th century
has led to the division of biology into specialized branches. Some important
branches are defined below:
(i)
Morphology: It is the study of external form and structure of organisms.
(ii)
Anatomy: It is the study of internal parts of body of living organisms.
(iii)
Cell Biology: It is the study of cell and its organelle.
(iv)
Histology: its the study about structure
of tissues of plant and animals.
(v)
Physiology: It is the study about functions of different parts of living
organisms.
(vi)
Taxonomy: It is the study of the rules, principles, grouping and naming the
living organisms.
{vil}
Genetics: It is the study of heredity that is transferring of characters from
parents to offspring.
(viii)
Developmental Biology: It is the study of formation and development of embryo.
(ix)
Environmental Biology: It is the study of relationship between living organisms
an nonliving factors of environment and their effects on each other.
(x) Paleontology:
It is the study of remote past organic life, with the help of fossils.
(xi)
Biotechnology: The study about techniques for manipulation of gene to bring the
changes in structure and location of genes to achieve desirable characters is
called biotechnology.
(xii)
Socio-biology: It is the study of social behavior of living organisms. i.e.
interaction between themselves.
(xiii)
Parasitology: It is the study of parasites.
(xiv)
Pharmacology: It is the study of action and effects of drugs.
(xv)
Molecular Biology: It is the study of organic molecules which constitute cell
and its organelles.
Q.3:
Describe the relationships of biology to other sciences.
Ans:
Relationship of Biology with Other Sciences: Biology is a multidimensional
subject and linked with other sciences. Biology is considered as
interdisciplinary science, which is related with other sciences. Some of these
are mentioned below:
Biophysics:
It is a branch of physics, in which laws and techniques of physics are applied
to explain the processes of life.
Examples:
(i)
In radio-physics branch radioactive isotopes are used to trace the
translocation of different materials within the organisms.
(ii)
Radio-labeling and, carbon-dating also show some uses of radioactive isotopes
in determining the age of fossils.
(iii)
Uses of sound waves as ultrasound and laser technology show relation of physics
with biology.
(4)
Biomathematics / Biometry: The branch of mathematics which collects data of
living
organisms.
that plays very important role in research.
(5)
Biochemistry: It is branch of biology which deals with the study of molecules
which form living organisms or cell and requires authentic knowledge about
biology and chemistry to explain the synthesis of bio-molecules and function of
different molecules in the body of an organism.
(6)
Biogeography: It deals with the distribution of different living organisms in
different geographical regions of the world. Many living organisms are
restricted to particular geographical regions due to environmental conditions.
(7)
Bio-economics: This deals with the economically important organisms involved in
production, e.g. meat production, etc. are calculated for cost value and profit
value.
Q.4:
Describe the careers that the students, who have chosen biology, can plan to adopt.
Ans:
Careers in Biology: The students, who have chosen the biology, can plan to
adopt some as
a
career in following fields:
(i)
| Medicine and Surgery: Medicine deals with diagnosis and treatment of diseases
and
surgery
deals with repair, replacement or removal the affected organ.
(ii)
Agriculture: This deals with production of varieties of crops, fruit,
vegetables, dairy
products,
etc. Pakistan being an agricultural country, it can play very important role.
(iii)
Horticulture: This is also part of agriculture, in which work is carried out
for the
development
of new varieties of plants and their products.
(iv)
Forestry: Forests are the source of biodiversity of plants and animals of many
kinds
which
live there. It is important in development of new forests as well as
preservation of
existing
ones.
(v)
Farming: In this profession, the development of different kinds of farms takes
place,
such
as fish farm, cattle farm, poultry farm, etc. New technologies are used for the
production
of animals as source of meat and milk, leather, wool, etc.
(vi)
Animal Husbandry: This profession is part of agriculture sciences. It deals
with the
care
and breeding of animals which are beneficial for man.
(vii)
Fisheries: This profession deals with the increased quantity and quality of
fish
production.
Fish is one of the best sources of protein.
(viii)
Biotechnology: This is very important and sensitive profession. It deals with
manipulation
of gene to produce valuable chemical products, such as insulin, growth hormones,
interferon, etc. from bacteria as well as others.
Q5:
Write translation of Quranic verses which points the Islamic view about the
origin of life.
Ans:
The Almighty Allah has conveyed a great knowledge about the Origin and
characteristics of
animals
and plants through our Holy Book, the Quran. Allah Says;
“We
made every living thing from water” (Surah: Ambia, Verse: 30)
“And
Allah has created every animal from water of them there are some that creep on their
bellies, some that walk on two legs; and some that walk on four. Allah creates
what He will Lo! Allah is able to do all things”. (Surah: Al-Nur, Verse: 45)
Here
water is symbolized with the protoplasm as the basis of life and the vital
Power of protoplasm seems to depend on the constant presence of water.
Q6
Write the translation of Quranic verse which is about plant growth and
development.
Ans:
"And in the earth are neighboring tracks, vineyards and ploughed lands,
and date-palms, like and unlike which are watered with one water. And we have
made some of them to
excel
others in fruit. Lo! Here in verily are portents for people who have sense”.
(Surah:
Al-Ra’d, Verse: 4)
Here
Allah has revealed some facts about plant growth and development.
Q.7
Describe the role of Muslim scientists in the field of biology.
Ans:
Contribution of Muslim Scientists: The Muslim scientists have played great rote
in the development of biological science. They began experiments and
observations from the first century of Hijra. Following are some details about
the important Muslim scientists,
who
made significant contribution towards the development of biology.
(i)
Sabir Bin Hayan (722-817 A.D): He was born in Iran. He worked in the field of chemistry
but he also wrote a number of books on plants and animals. "Al-Nabatiat” and
“Al-Haywan"” are his two famous books on plants and animals, respectively.
(ii)
Abdul Malik Asmai (741-828 A.D): He was great zoologist and wrote many books on
animals “Al-Kheil” on horses, “Al-Ibil” on camels, “Al-Shat" on sheep,
“Al- Wahoosh” on wild animals and "Khalqul Insan” on the different parts
of human body and their functions.
(iii)
Bu Ali Sina (980-1037 A.D): He was greatest of all the Muslim scientists and considered
as the founder of medicine. He is called as Avicenna in the west. He
identified
many diseases like tuberculosis, meningitis and other such inflammations. He
also worked in the field of mathematics, astronomy, physics, paleontology and music.
He wrote books like “Al-Qanoon” and “Fil Tib Al-Shafa”.
Q.8:
Describe the level of organization.
Ans:
The Level of Organization: The levels of organization in living world are based
on chemical foundation. All the living organisms are made up of cells and the
protoplasm of cell is the physical as well as chemical basis of life. These
levels are as follow:
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